The synagogue
The synagogue (from ancient Greek συναγωγή synagōgē = 'assembly ' ) is more than just a place of worship; it is the central location and heart of Jewish community life. For centuries, synagogues have served as centers for prayer, learning, and social gatherings, fulfilling various functions in community life. Synagogues are always oriented toward the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
Designation
Traditionally, the synagogue was a house of learning, which is also reflected in its medieval names. For example, the synagogue was called 'schola ' , later Italian ' school ' , German ' School ' . Jews of Central and Eastern European origin often use Yiddish ' school ' . In Reform Judaism of the 19th and early 20th centuries, German-speaking Jews called their meeting place ' Temple ' , a term that is very common in North America outside of strict Jewish Orthodoxy. Hasidic Jews, who do not value magnificent synagogues, refer to their small prayer houses as ' stibl ' (parlor) or ' Klaus ' (Hermitage).
Historical origins
The origins of the synagogue date back to ancient times, although its origin is often traced back to the Babylonian exile in the 6th century BC. During this time, the Jewish people, expelled from Jerusalem and its holy Temple, needed a new way to gather and practice their religious beliefs. The synagogue evolved into a local center for prayer and Torah study and eventually became an integral part of Jewish life.
After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, the role of the synagogue became even more important. It evolved from a secondary place of worship to the central institution of Jewish communal and religious life. Since then, synagogues have been built everywhere in the world where Jewish communities are located.
The architecture of the synagogue
A typical synagogue is designed to accommodate both communal worship and individual prayer. While architectural styles can vary greatly depending on geographical location and cultural influences, some key elements are found in synagogues worldwide:
1. The Torah Shrine (Aron ha-Kodesh)
The Torah Ark, or Holy Ark, is the holiest part of the synagogue and houses the Torah scrolls. It is usually located on the east wall, facing Jerusalem. The Ark symbolizes the Ark of the Covenant and is often ornately decorated.
2. The Torah Scrolls
The Torah scrolls are the centerpiece of synagogue worship. Written on parchment, they are carefully preserved. They are read from during services and are the heart of Jewish religious life.
3. The Bimah
The bimah is a raised platform from which the Torah is read. It serves as the focal point of the service and emphasizes the importance of Torah study and communal participation. In traditional Ashkenazi synagogues, the bimah is located in the center of the interior. In Sephardic synagogues, the aron ha-kodesh is located on the eastern wall facing Jerusalem, and the bimah is located opposite each other on the western wall.
4. The Eternal Light (Ner Tamid) and the Menorah
The Eternal Light, which hangs above the Ark of the Covenant, symbolizes the eternal presence of God. It is reminiscent of the menorah that burned continuously in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. The room is usually decorated with one or more menorahs (seven-branched candelabra).
5. Separation of the sexes and Mechiza
The rules regarding gender segregation are implemented very differently in synagogues, or – depending on the religious orientation – are ignored.
Traditional synagogues often have a mechitsa (also spelled mechitza, Hebrew: מחיצה = 'separation') or a women's gallery. A mechitsa is a device (wall, barrier, curtain, etc.) for the spatial and visual separation of the sexes. According to religious principles, it is intended to prevent distraction and impaired concentration and is derived, among other things, from the Babylonian Talmud. Some synagogues have a women's gallery, which makes a mechitsa unnecessary.
The role of the synagogue in community life
Synagogues fulfill various functions that go beyond being a mere place of worship. They are centers for education, community gatherings, and social activity.
1. Worship and prayer
The primary function of the synagogue is to provide a space for communal prayer. Regular services are held throughout the week, with special emphasis on Shabbat and Jewish holidays. The synagogue fosters a sense of community as members gather for prayer, singing, and reflection.
2. Education and learning
Education is a cornerstone of Jewish life, and synagogues often host religious schools (cheder, or Hebrew schools) where children and adults learn about Jewish history, law, and traditions. Many synagogues also offer adult education programs, lectures, and study groups.
3. Community and social gathering
Synagogues serve as social gathering places where members celebrate life events such as bar and bat mitzvahs or weddings. They also offer support in times of need and provide a space for grief and consolation.
4. Social commitment and charity
Many synagogues are committed to social justice and charity, embodying the Jewish value of 'tikkun olam' ('making the world a better place' – see our blog post here ). They organize food drives, support refugee resettlement, and participate in various relief programs to help those in need.
The synagogue is a vital institution in Jewish life, reflecting the dynamic and multifaceted nature of Judaism itself. It is a place of worship, learning, and community—a sanctuary where Jewish traditions are preserved and passed down through generations.
For visitors who want to learn more about Judaism, synagogues also offer a unique insight into the heart of Jewish life.
There are regular guided tours of the Munich Ohel Jakob Synagogue - further information and registration options can be found here:
https://www.ikg-m.de/juedisches-zentrum/synagogenfuhrungen/